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  Pharmaceutical products are major sources of pollution all over the world. The consumption and production of pharmaceutical products increased due to demographic explosion, changing lifestyle & epidemiology, increasing chronic health issues, availability of low priced generic medicines, evolution in clinical practices (OECD 2022). Irrational consumption and disposal behaviours of the public lead to pharmaceutical pollution (Vatovec et al 2016, 2017).  The  household pharmaceutical waste is 3% to 50%  in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 2022) countries. The unused pharmaceutical products  are kept at households until they meet their expiry period before its disposal.  Non-adherence due to side effects and early recovery  are the some of the  reasons for unused medicines in the households. Study shows that , more than half of the respondents  disposed-off this unused  medicines with household garbage.  Others flush the unused medicines into the sink, wat

History derives its focus from the concept of space. So, history is regarded as the history of humankind & the environment. Reciprocal exchange between humans and nature began early, where each influenced the other. The uneven pattern of cultural growth & the differential configuration of historical forces in the different regions were greatly influenced by geography.  This can be demonstrated through some example like, in the second half of the third millennium BCE , Mesolithic culture was prevalent in Gujarat and at the same time Neolithic pastorals were traversing the landscape of the Deccan.   While the mature, advanced Harappan civilization co-existed with these cultures and regions at different levels of growth.   The Indus & Saraswati basins were colonized in the third millennium BCE. The first agricultural communities of the Deccan, Andhra, Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Gujarat belong essentially to the Iron Age, and can be placed in the second half of the first millenniu

The temperature in the troposphere decreases with an increase in altitude. This vertical gradient of temperature is commonly referred to as the standard atmosphere or Normal Lapse Rate.  However, this normal lapse rate varies with height, season, latitude, and other factors. Indeed, the actual lapse rate of temperature does not always show a decrease with altitude.  Temperature inversion normally is a condition opposite to this Normal Lapse rate. Sometimes, the temperature in the lower layers of air increases instead of decreasing with elevation. A temperature inversion is a layer in the atmosphere in which air temperature increases with height. An inversion is present in the lower part of a cap. The cap is a layer of relatively warm air aloft (above the inversion). Air parcels rising into this layer become cooler than the surrounding environment, which inhibits their ability to ascend.  This often happens in areas of high pressure, where the air high up often sinks towards the ground