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For metro -urban clusters in India, the habitation of poor masses, needs a spatial conceptualisation that discards the conventional urban markings of wards. For that it needs to pay close attention to the railway stations and tracks, sewage network, flyovers, dumping grounds, and other ubiquitous locations, patches of territory that slums, squatters and homeless can claim as their own (GoNCTD 2015; Ghosh 2019). Railway stations & railway lines were a conventional asylum for the rural migrants in metro cities . Train stations in their various forms & appearances play an important  role as “non-places” that are anomalous and sporadic entities within the urban landscape, acquiring a deep meaning for “non-people,” those having no visibility and social role (Carminucci 2011).  The slums on railway land mostly fall in the non-notified category according to the provisions of the Census of India, and, therefore, the dwellers are very often termed as encroachers (GoI 2015; S...

  The gross non-performing assets (GNPA) ratio is the proportion of gross non-performing assets in gross loans and advances.  The GNPAs are bad loans which the borrower is not in a position to repay at the moment.  A loan turns bad or becomes an NPA if they are overdue for over 90 days.   Banks have to set aside (or provision) a part of their profit as a buffer for potential losses that may arise from the NPAs . Thus, NPAs reduce a bank’s available capital to lend fresh loans. News reports say that the quarterly profits of commercial sector banks have touched an all-time high of around Rs.59,000 crore in September 2022.  This is more than 50% higher than the profits recorded in the same quarter last year. The finance minister attributed the increase in bank profitability to the sharp reduction in non-performing assets The gross NPAs of the commercial banks have rapidly declined from the peak levels of Rs.10,36,187 crore, which was about 11.2% of their gross asse...