www.upsconline.com

  Synthesis is the oldest &  main theme in chemistry. Twenty years ago,M. G. Finn,  Hartmuth C. Kolb &  K. Barry Sharpless tried  to define one style of synthesis by focusing on its reasons of existence : achieved a new molecular behaviour (function) rather than appearance (structure). They named it  “click chemistry”,meant to easily connect two objects.  After long term experiments in two sectors, polymer chemistry and biochemistry , concluded that,  that reliable connectivity enables molecules of complex function to be easily assembled.  Click chemistry links proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates to partner molecules with high efficiency, under physiological conditions, and without toxic catalysts or byproducts.  These partner molecules include reporters & imaging agents, allowing the in vivo visualization and tracking of biomolecules and cells.    Polymers, providing scaffolds for tissue engineering;...

Neanderthals were very early humans who lived in Europe & Western Asia from about 400,000 years ago until they became extinct about 40,000 years ago.  Denisovans are another population of early humans who lived in Asia & were distantly related to Neanderthals. Much less is known about the Denisovans because scientists have uncovered fewer fossils of these ancient people. Research has shown that modern humans overlapped with Neanderthal and Denisovan populations for a period, and that they had children together (interbred).  As a result, many people living today have a small amount of genetic material from these distant ancestors. Svante Paabo & his team in 2008 in Germany have sequenced nearly all the genome of the Denisovan people, an extinct human-like species contemporary with the Neanderthals.  The work by the Max Planck Society's Evolutionary Anthropology Institute in Leipzig has been first time obtained full genetic data of any of the archaic hominins....